This is a first draft that hopefully will be picked up, modified, and widely circulated.
| Footnotes |
| 1. See Fisher (2022a) and Knoster, et al. (2000). |
| 2. The confusion of numeric counts for measured quantities is a debilitating error that stands as nothing short of a viral pandemic of miscommunication and short-circuited efforts intended to advance the greater good. Everyone knows full well that there is no way to tell who has more rock from counts of rocks, yet we persist in assuming counts of events, attendees, correct answers, etc. are adequate measurements. Such counts are not and never will be measurements. To stop confusing numeric trees for the quantitative forest we have to demand improved measurements. See references for explanations, alternatives, theory, and practice. |
| 3. The ladder of stakeholder empowerment is widely used by governments around the world as a frame of reference defining a progression of levels ranging from being INFORMED to CONSULTED to INVOLVED to COLLABORATING to EMPOWERED. This ladder can be built into measurements in a way that lets ecosystem stakeholders and leaders know where they are relative to where they have been, their goals, what comes next, and their special strengths and weaknesses. See the references by Morrison and Fisher, Jami and Walsh, Jankowski, and Ortiz and Huber-Heim, listed below for more information. |
| References |
| Barney, M., & Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2016, April). Adaptive measurement and assessment. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 3, 469-490. Retrieved from https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062329 |
| Bateson, G. (1978, Spring). Number is different from quantity. CoEvolution Quarterly, 17, 44-46 [Reprinted from pp. 53-58 in Bateson, G. (1979). Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity. New York: E. P. Dutton.]. Retrieved from http://www.wholeearth.com/issue/2017/article/295/number.is.different.from.quantity |
| Cano, S., Pendrill, L., Melin, J., & Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2019). Towards consensus measurement standards for patient-centered outcomes. Measurement, 141, 62-69. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.03.056 |
| Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2021). Bateson and Wright on number and quantity: How to not separate thinking from its relational context. Symmetry, 13(1415). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13081415 |
| Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2022a). Contrasting roles of measurement knowledge systems in confounding or creating sustainable change. Acta IMEKO, in press. |
| Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2022b). Measurement systems, brilliant results, and brilliant processes in healthcare: Untapped potentials of person-centered outcome metrology for cultivating trust. In W. P. Fisher, Jr. & S. Cano (Eds.), Person-centered outcome metrology: Principles and applications for high stakes decision making. Cham: Springer. |
| Fisher, W. P., Jr., & Stenner, A. J. (2018). Ecologizing vs modernizing in measurement and metrology. Journal of Physics Conference Series, 1044(012025), [http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1044/1/012025]. |
| Hopper, T. (2019). Stop accounting myopia:-think globally: A polemic. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 15(1), 87-99. |
| Hutchins, E. (2014). The cultural ecosystem of human cognition. Philosophical Psychology, 27(1), 34-49. |
| Jami, A. A., & Walsh, P. R. (2017). From consultation to collaboration: A participatory framework for positive community engagement with wind energy projects in Ontario, Canada. Energy Research & Social Science, 27, 14-24. |
| Jankowski, P. (2009). Towards participatory geographic information systems for community-based environmental decision making. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(6), 1966-1971. |
| Knoster, T. P., Villa, R. A., & Thousand, J. S. (2000). A framework for thinking about systems change. In R. A. Villa & J. S. Thousand (Eds.), Restructuring for caring and effective education: Piecing the puzzle together, 2nd Ed. (pp. 93-128). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes. |
| Mari, L., & Wilson, M. (2014, May). An introduction to the Rasch measurement approach for metrologists. Measurement, 51, 315-327. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0263224114000645 |
| Mari, L., Wilson, M., & Maul, A. (2021). Measurement across the sciences. Cham: Springer. |
| Michell, J. (1986). Measurement scales and statistics: A clash of paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 100, 398-407. |
| Morrison, J., & Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2018). Connecting learning opportunities in STEM education: Ecosystem collaborations across schools, museums, libraries, employers, and communities. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1065(022009). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1065/2/022009 |
| Morrison, J., & Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2019). Measuring for management in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics learning ecosystems. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1379(012042). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1379/1/012042 |
| Morrison, J., & Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2020, September 1). The Measure STEM Caliper Development Initiative [Online]. In http://bearcenter.berkeley.edu/seminar/measure-stem-caliper-development-initiative-online (Ed.), BEAR Seminar Series. BEAR Center, Graduate School of Education: University of California, Berkeley. |
| Morrison, J., & Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2021). Caliper: Measuring success in STEM learning ecosystems. Measurement: Sensors, 18, 100327. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measen.2021.100327 |
| Morrison, J., & Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2022). Caliper: Steps to an ecologized knowledge infrastructure for STEM learning ecosystems in Israel. Acta IMEKO, in press. |
| Ortiz, D., & Huber-Heim, K. (2017). From information to empowerment: Teaching sustainable business development by enabling an experiential and participatory problem-solving process in the classroom. The International Journal of Management Education, 15(2), 318-331. |
| Pendrill, L. R. (2019). Quality assured measurement: Unification across social and physical sciences. Cham: Springer. |
| Pendrill, L., & Fisher, W. P., Jr. (2015). Counting and quantification: Comparing psychometric and metrological perspectives on visual perceptions of number. Measurement, 71, 46-55. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.04.010 |
| Star, S. L., & Ruhleder, K. (1996). Steps toward an ecology of infrastructure: Design and access for large information spaces. Information Systems Research, 7(1), 111-134. |
| Sutton, J., Harris, C. B., Keil, P. G., & Barnier, A. J. (2010). The psychology of memory, extended cognition, and socially distributed remembering. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 9(4), 521-560. |
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